Nouns refer to the names of people (ученик, Роман, Людмила, секретарь), animals (собака, акула, лев), plant (одуванчик, роза, лилия, мать-и-мачеха) and things/objects (тетрадь, словарь, окно, дом), names of the quality/characteristic (температура, острота, ответственность), the activities (эвакуация, отделение) and states (перемирие, тишина). Nouns answer questions кто?, что?, they have grammatical categories of case, number and belong to one of four genders (masculine, feminine, neuter or so-called common gender). Nouns can be animated and inanimated.
According to their semantics (meaning), the nouns are divided into concrete (they denote material objects, e.g.: дом, словарь, машина) and abstract (they refer to intangible phenomena, e.g.: cвежесть, теплота, сияние), abstract nouns are often characterized by characteristic suffixes -ость, -ние, -тие-, -ствие, -ство- and they often do not have plural forms. The concrete nouns are further distinguished by common nouns and proper nouns that denote persons, animals, geographic and astronomical names, local names, names of buildings, businesses, works of art etc., e.g.: Наталья, Федя, И. С. Тургенев, Чёрное море, Байкал, Юпитер, Красная площадь, улица Лесная, роман „Преступление и наказание“. In Russian, the proper nouns are written with a capital letter, but the national names (names of nationalities) are considered to be in Russian as common names, i.e. they are written with a small letter at the beginning, cf. русский, чех, англичанин – Russian, Czech, English.
Nouns are inclined, i.e. they are changing in cases and number, the formal indicator is the ending that can be expressed graphically/phonetically or can be expressed by zero/null morpheme (i.e. graphically/phonetically unrecognized). Other case indicators can be stem alternation and accent characteristics, which are especially useful in cases of case homonyms, e.g.: окнó - окнá (Gen., sing.), óкна (Nom, pl.); гóрод - гóрода (Gen, sing.), городá (Nom., pl.); сестрá - сестры́ (Gen. Sing.), сёстры (Nom., pl.), сестёр (Gen., pl.).
Case is a grammatical category of nouns that expresses different types of syntactical relations of a noun to another word, to other elements of the syntactic construct or to the whole sentence (Кустова 2011, online).
In Russian language we talk about six cases, for direct address in literary Russian language it is used the Nominative form of noun, so there is no special grammatical form designed for direct address. In line with the Russian grammatical tradition cases are denoted to by special terms:
On the basis of similar/identical endings that change in the same way during the inflection, the Russian nouns are divided into three basic types:
The differences between the types of declension are most pronounced in the singular, in the plural the Russian nouns have the so-called unified (universal) declension, in Dativ, Instrumental and Local all nouns have endings -ам, -ах, -ами or -ям, -ях, -ями: заводам - заводах - заводами, врачам - врачах - врачами, неделям - неделях - неделями, костям - костях, костями.
Animated nouns denote persons and animals (парень, девушка, Витя, Маша, лев, собака, ребёнок), the category of animated/inanimated nouns is manifested on a formal level, where the plural forms homonymy of the forms of Genitive and Accusative:
In addition to the six-part division of Russian cases, there is also the possibility of a so-called eight-member division, where there is also a second Genitive and a second Local (for more details see Кустова 2011, online):
The second Genitive occurs in some of the nouns of the masculine gender in the meaning of „part of the whole“ and is graphically expressed by the ending -у/-ю, e.g.: ложка сахару, чашка чаю, шуму-то было! Cf. Genitive forms: вес сахара, вкус чая, не слышно шума.
The second Local is characterized by special endings for some nouns of the masculine gender in a singular, as well as for some nouns of the female gender (type печь, кровь), when the accent is transferred from the stem to the ending: в шкафý, в лесý, на берегý, в носý, на лбý, в бою́, в печú, на мазú, в кровú. Cf. Local forms: о шкáфе, о лéсе, о крóви, о тéни.
The forms of the so-called „Vocative“ appear in Russian, but only in its colloquial form (not in literary Russian). These forms are made up of some names of people ending with an unstressed vowel -а/-я: мам, тёть, Маш, Вань. These forms need to be distinguished from the remains of the old (original) Vocative case, which has been preserved in only a few Russian words: Боже, Господи, отче, старче.
Some Russian nouns are not inclined (are uninflected), so for all cases and numbers they have only one form. In grammars, such nouns are often referred to as null declination nouns, including:
For more details see (Современный русский язык 2017, 54).
A special group consists of nouns that are based on the adjective model, the so-called adjective declension of nouns, namely:
Алгоритм поиска: Поиск в корпусе - Лексико-грамматический поиск - Грамматические признаки - Падеж - Родительный 2 / Предложный 2 - ОК.
Алгоритм поиска: Поиск в корпусе - Лексико-грамматический поиск - Грамматические признаки - Падеж - Звательный - ОК.
На скриншоте результат поиска слова с индексом F1.